"How Slave Labor Built the State of Florida Decades After the Civil War." [64], On February 24, 2006, a statue of Flagler was unveiled in Key West near the spot where the Over-Sea Railroad once terminated. In 1878, his wife Mary fell ill, and died on May 18, 1881, at age 47, leaving Henry Flagler with a young son to raise alone. In just eighteen months of harried work and lavish spending, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was opened for business in January of 1888. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. In 1853 Mary married Henry Morrison Flagler and together they were parents of three children. If you ask the same question in Florida, most people will have known someone who lives on Flagler Blvd., in Flagler County, or down the road from the Flagler Museum. In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. Standard Oil grew to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country. As Henry's businesses prospered, they moved to New York City. "[24], At that time, many legislatures had made it difficult to incorporate in one state and operate in another. The family moved as was necessary for Isaac's job, having lived in Virginia and Ohio during Henry's childhood. The committee ultimately discovered the previously unknown scope of Standard Oil's business interests. During the Gilded Age, this new class of robber barons like Flagler, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Vanderbilt were shaking up American society. So, the Flagler family (Henry, Mary, little Harry, Jennie, and her first husband, John Arthur Hinckley) spent the winter of 1877-1878 in St. Augustine. Equivalent to a 15% discount, they put Standard Oil in position to significantly undercut other oil refineries. Reynolds, Charles B. She had two sons from her previous marriage. All this is to say that the winter and spring of 1885 were life-changing for Henry Flagler and his circle. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. The land owners were Julia Tuttle, whom he had met in Cleveland, Ohio, and William Brickell, who ran a trading post on the Miami River. Last (and perhaps most importantly), the truth is a hard thing to garner when it comes to what happened in the past even harder than it is today. The future "founder" of Florida found St. Augustine to be dirty, depressing, and worst of all boring. Whitehall, Palm Beach, is open to the public as the Henry Morrison Flagler Museum; his private railcar No. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. Both Elizabeth and Isaac had been married twice before, and Henry had a half- sister (his father's daughter from a previous marriage) named Ann-Caroline, or "Carrie," and a half-brother, Dan Harkness (his mother's . You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. The Venetian Renaissance style of the church is reflected in the pointed arches and Byzantine dome. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. However, this building's history is tragic and short. Standard's most potent weapons against competitors were underselling, differential pricing, and secret transportation rebates. By the end of this field trip, we hope will you have an understanding of who Henry Flagler was, and the great impact he had on the state of Florida! Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. In 1869, Henry Flagler began buying out small oil refineries on behalf of John D. Rockefeller, who had it in his mind to monopolize the oil industry in Ohio. Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery. "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", Graham, Thomas. It seemed a new leaf was turning for the little family of the Robber Baron. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. [41] The history of American oil refining begins with Flagler and Rockefeller, as they built the biggest, most prosperous and monopolizing oil empire of their time: Standard Oil. "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." The baby, named Margery, died when she was only a few hours old. Indeed, there was a legal loophole provided to affluent Americans they were allowed to pay $300 to the government and hire a substitute to serve in their place. [21], Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration. Son of the late Henry M. Flagler, but never interested himself in his father's railroad and development projects in Florida, nor in the Standard Oil Co. through his mother, the former Mary Harkness. Graham, Thomas. He was the baby of the household, being born several years after the youngest of his siblings. Rather than try to influence the price of crude oil directly, Standard Oil had been exercising indirect control by altering oil storage charges to suit market conditions. His half-sisters Mary Esther (16 y/o in 1830), Jane Augusta (14), and Caroline (3.5) were the daughters of his father's first two wives. "[24] To the critics Flagler and Rockefeller replied, "In a business so large as ours some things are likely to be done which we cannot approve. Bostonian Franklin W. Smith had recently built his winter home, the Villa Zorayda, which caught Flagler's eye almost immediately. After her husband died, Julia and her children returned to Ft. Dallas and purchased 640 acres on the north shore of the Miami River. He was 83 years old. . (2022). It is one of his most significant projects, because it was constructed as a memorial to Flagler's only daughter, Jenny. "[57][58], According to historian Joe Knetsch, reformers and muckrakers exaggerated charges of peonage regarding construction of the Florida East Coast Railway in 1893 to 1909. The company collapsed when the war undercut commercial demand for salt. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. His mother, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness, had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. Harkness and Company, at a salary of $5 per month plus room and board. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. He was instrumental in stopping an Al-Qaeda attack on the USS Seahawk battlegroup (which the Watertown was a part of). Chandler, David Leon. Henry Morrison Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York on January 2nd, 1830 to Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler. Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. [43], When Flagler's first wife Mary (ne Harkness) fell sick, his physician recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. First A Little On Henry Flagler. Henry B Flagler was born on month day 1836, at birth place, New York, to Thomas Flagler and Rachael M Flagler. The year was 1885, the month was April and things were just getting started. "The Mary Lily Kenan Conspiracy." It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. Flagler and Rockefeller then decided to issue certificates against oil stored in Standard Oil's pipelines. It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. (2022) "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. Mary and Henry's first child was Jennie Louise (born March 1855), then Carrie (born June 1858 and named after Henry Flagler's older half-sister, Caroline), then finally, Harry Flagler (born December 1870). Henry Flagler was seventy-one, whilst his beaming bride was thirty-four. The family being of moderate means, Henry struck out from New York to Republic, Ohio in 1844. [citation needed], In 1862, Flagler and his brother-in-law Barney Hamlin York (18331884) founded the Flagler and York Salt Company, a salt mining and production business in Saginaw, Michigan. Mary's health was poor throughout her life, although she and Henry had three children: Jenny Louise, Carrie, and Harry Harkness. Flagler is quoted to have responded thusly: "There was once a good church member who had always lived a correct life until well advanced in years. IT HAD BEGUN 26 YEARS EARLIER, IN 1891, when Henry Morrison Flagler, the uncrowned "king" of Florida, who had made a vast fortune as a founding partner of Standard Oil of Ohio, met Mary Lily Kenan . [39] According to Allan Nevins, in John D. Rockefeller (p 292), "Standard Oil was born as a big enterprise, it had cut its teeth as a partnership and was now ready to plunge forward into a period of greater expansion and development. Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church, 32 Sevilla Street. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. Featuring air conditioning, The Henry Flagler offers accommodations in Layton. Two years later, Flagler built the Palm Beach Inn (renamed The Breakers in 1901), overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in Palm Beach. The Awakening of Saint Augustine: The Anderson Family and the Oldest City: 1821-1924. He would describe his childhood often as having been 'hungry and cold'. [citation needed], Flagler and Rockefeller began a publicity campaign to put the company and themselves in a better light. Her eldest daughter, Jennie Louise, was twenty- six. Bowman, Bryan & Kathy Roberts Forde. His father, Isaac Flagler, was a Presbyterian minister. It added its own pipelines, tank cars, and home delivery network. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. Ida Alice Shourds became Ida Alice Shourds Flagler in June of 1883 and moved into the Flagler family home the day after their wedding. Flagler and Rockefeller had envisioned the use of pipelines as an alternative transport system for oil and began a campaign to build and acquire them. The accommodation features a satellite TV. Indeed, Mary Harkness Flagler's ailments first brought Henry Flagler to Far Florida. Flagler gave them the honored center positions in the mausoleum. Two years later, he expanded his Florida holdings. His body was sent to St. Augustine on May 23 where he was laid to rest along side of his his first wife Mary Harkness in the Memorial Presbyterian Church mausoleum built for his daughter Jennie Louise. Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Architecture & Decoration. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler inherited the majority of Henry Flagler's fortune but was unlucky enough to die of an apparent heart attack, only five years after Flagler's death. Education The Washington Post. As our little daughter is only 8 month old we wanted to provide her a sheltered place to sit in in the 25 degrees and we wanted to visit the house while we swap over looking after her as . My 4th great-grandmother, Elizabeth Howes, married (1) William Jones (my ancestor) and (2nd) Colonel Henry Ostrom, of Pleasant Valley & Patterson, Dutchess County, NY. He invested with the guidance of Dr. Andrew Anderson, a native of St. Augustine. However, Smith had fallen on some hard times and sold the hotel to Henry Flagler not long after it opened in 1888. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. Who was Henry Flagler? Dazzled by the prospect of tremendous wealth and supported by his father-in-law, Flagler followed the smell of money to Michigan. She and her family were given expensive gifts by Henry Flagler in celebration. Whatever the case may be, Flagler focused on his family and his fortune during the years of 1861 to 1865. Henry explained: "We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get. "[40], By 1892, Standard Oil had a monopoly over all oil refineries in the United States. This conflict created a breach between father and son that lasted until Henry Flagler was on his deathbed. [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. Pennsylvania revoked the cartel's charter, and non-preferential rates were restored for the time being. VisitStAugustine.com. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. Showing 1-6 of 6. Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. Harry and Annie's daughter Jean Louise Flagler made Palm Beach a large part of her life. Along with that, Henry Flagler being referred to as a 'Robber Baron' alongside businessmen like Carnegie and Rockefeller is no exaggeration. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. Despite (or perhaps because of) the tragic death of the mother of his children, Henry Flagler poured himself into the business of Standard Oil. Then, just a few months before the end of the Ponce de Leon Hotel's second season, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict died from complications of childbirth. Barely any of Ida Alice's personal writings have survived, so there is a major piece of the puzzle missing. Dr. George G. Shelton, a graduate of New York's Homeopathic Medical College, was assisted by three nurses when Henry Flagler's daughter Jennie Louise Benedict died in 1889 following post-partum complications while journeying to visit her father on board the yacht Oneida headed to St. Augustine. Though Henry Flagler didn't join in on the war, it certainly affected his career choices. The same year that she arrived in New York, her doctors insisted that she spend the winter in a kinder climate. His grandson Solomon changed the spelling of the surname to Flagler and passed it on to his 11 children. Stately and serious, genteel and generous some have even referred to him as "Uncle Henry.". Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Flagler's affiliation with the Harkness family would have a fortuitous effect upon his future. He used convict leasing "a method undertaken by the Southern States to replace the economic setup of slavery"[47] to modernize the existing railroads, allowing them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic.[48]. In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. In February of 1885, the couple took a delayed honeymoon to St. Augustine Ida Alice was thirty-seven and Henry Flagler was fifty-five. The Alcazar is today the Lightner Museum, next to the Casa Monica Hotel in St. Augustine that Flagler bought from Franklin W. Smith. PROLOGUE: In 1844, Henry Flagler dropped out of school. Augustine. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. "Henry M. Flagler's Hotel Ponce de Len.". This field trip will walk you through the life of Henry Morrison Flagler and the great impact he made on South Florida. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. In 1853, Flagler married Mary Harkness, the daughter of Lamon Harkness - owner of the general store where he was formerly employed. Castleden, Louise Decatur. Henry is also best known as, Entrepreneur best known as the founder of Standard Oil and for helping to develop what came to be known as the Florida East Coast Railway. This was the beginning of the Standard Oil company, which would catapult both men into unimaginable levels of wealth. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. Imagine how many different perspectives a group of people can have about the same topic. Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. He was born on January 2, 1830 and his birthplace is Hopewell, NY. After finishing the eighth grade at fourteen, Henry followed his half-brother Dan to Ohio. From there on out, Dr. Anderson was a major supporter and confidant of Henry Flagler, often acting as his business liaison in St. Augustine when Flagler was out of town. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. The couple had two daughters, Jennie Louise, born in 1855, and Carrie, born in 1858. She was the mother of his three children. Henry Flagler passed away May 20, 1913, and the construction of the "Over-Sea" road served as an example of his substantial impact on the state. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. His business dealings, along with those of partner John D. Rockefeller's, were laid out in painstaking detail by one bold muckraker of the era, Ida Instead of attending lunch with his fellow businessmen, he took to hosting grand parties at his new summer estate (which was ominously named "Satan's Toe"). Henry Morrison Flagler Museum: Very Disappointing - See 1,507 traveler reviews, 1,197 candid photos, and great deals for Palm Beach, FL, at Tripadvisor. Soon after, though, Mary and Harry followed. Mrs. Captain of the submarine USS Watertown (SSN-696) who reluctantly helps Harm and Mac with investigations involving a boat he commanded. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). Her husband, Henry Morrison Flagler, was fifty-one years old. This is somewhat my case. She is next to her mother and Flagler's first wife, Marjorie Mary Harkness Flagler. Over 30 years, Flagler had invested about $50 million in railroad, home and hotel construction and had made donations to suffering farmers after the freeze in 1894. Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. Ida. Enamoured by what Henry Flagler had been up to down south, droves of rich tourists made that harrowing journey to St. Augustine. [2] Flagler's mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler, Isaac's third wife and a widow who had a stepson, Stephen V. Harkness, and a son, Daniel M. Harkness, from her marriage to deceased widower David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. The Flagler family, originally spelled Flegler, hailed from the southwestern corner of Germany known as the Palatinate region. In less than four months in 1872, in what was later known as "The Cleveland Conquest" or "The Cleveland Massacre", Standard Oil had absorbed 22 of its 26 Cleveland competitors. Last Train to Paradise. "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." 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